The Fundamentals

Goi·ter ("goy-ter") n. French goitre, from Middle French, back-formation from goitron throat, from (assumed) Vulgar Latin guttrion-, guttrio, from Latin guttur d.1625: an enlargement of the thyroid gland visible as a swelling of the front of the neck--compare Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, goi·trous, adj.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Statistics:

A normal adult thyroid gland weighs 10-25 grams, with 2 lobes connected by an isthmus
Almost 50% of thyroid glands exhibit a pyramidal lobe arising from the center of the isthmus
The female-to-male ratio of individuals with goiters is 4.1.
It is estimated that 1 in 12 women vs. 1 in 50 men, has a thyroid nodule.
3% of men older than 60 years of age had thyroid nodules.
36% of women between the ages of 49-58 years had thyroid nodules.
Of approximately 750 million people normally exposed to an iodine-deficient diet, as many as 1/4th of those have goiters.
Although thyroid nodules are found less frequently in male patients than in females, once they are found, they are more likely to be malignant.


Helpful Links:

EndocrineWeb.com:
Thyroid Goiter”

Goiter

A
goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not associated with inflammation or cancer. A simple goiter begins when the thyroid gland is not able to produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the needs of the body. This is called hypothyroidism. Symptoms often include tenderness to the touch, pressure against the esophagus, coughing or wheezing, hoarseness, shortness of breath, choking or shortness of breath at night, weight gain, depression, fatigue, or a feeling that food is getting stuck in the throat.
Thyroid nodules are very common. A nodule is a swelling or lump, which can be a solid or liquid filled cyst or mass. Most are benign (around 90%), but a small percentage can be malignant. Symptoms of thyroid nodules include palpitations, insomnia, weight loss, anxiety, and tremors. These are common in hyperthyroidism.
The thyroid can grow to be quite large so that it is visible in the neck. Many factors may contribute to the thyroid enlargement, but the main cause seems to be due to an increase in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH comes from the pituitary gland and over a number of years, causes the thyroid to enlarge. Another cause of goiters is a diet deficient in iodine, although this is rare today due to the availability of iodine in our foods.
Goiters are often removed surgically when the glands are enlarged enough to affect breathing and swallowing, or if there are indications of malignancy, however, the incidence of malignancy is usually less than 5%, and for cosmetic reasons.
Thyroid cells are the only ones in the body capable of absorbing iodine, an important mineral nutrient and potent germ killer. We know from clinical study that few people have anywhere near enough iodine in their body for the thyroid to function optimally. Lugol's Iodine, first developed in 1829, is an effective bactericide and fungicide, consisting of 10 parts potassium iodide to 5 parts iodine to 85 parts of (distilled) water, and may help the body replenish its supply of this necessary nutrient.


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